DRILLING & COMPLETION FLUIDS TECHNOLOGY (MUD SCHOOL)
Course Description
Why Choose this
Training Course?
Drilling and Completion Fluids are critical
parts of any Oil & Gas Well. They control the pressures, carry drill
cutting from well and protect the reservoir. Drilling Fluids in Oil & Gas
Well is comparable to blood circulation and the functionalities in the human
body. The knowledge of Drilling / Completion Fluids is key in Oil & Gas
Well bore construction.
This
4- week intensive Drilling & Completion Fluids training course will
highlight:
- All the Components of Drilling /Completion Fluids.
- Functions
of Drilling / Completion Fluids.
- The
constraints on the choice of Drilling Fluids Products.
- Types of Drilling / Completion Fluids
- Formulation
of Drilling & Completion
Fluids.
- The importance of Solids Control Equipment’s.
Training Objectives
What are the Goals?
The main goals of this Galaxy Oil & Gas training course is to
(1)
Revisit the importance of Drilling & Completion Fluids.
(2) To
understand how critical are good Drilling / Completion Fluids are to overall
objectives of Drilling for
Hydrocarbon.
(3) To
understand how good Drilling / Completion Fluids impact protection of well bore
and oil reservoirs.
By the end of this training course,
participants will learn to:
- Develop
the knowledge of formulation of Drilling/Completion Fluids
- Run
and maintenance of
Drilling/Completion Fluids.
- Identify
Mud products, functionalities and Integrities.
- Identify
Suitable mud systems.
- Optimize
Drilling/Completion Fluids Cost.
Target Audience
Who is this Training Course for?
This training course is suitable to a wide range of
professionals but will greatly benefit:
- Potential
Mud Engineer
- Petroleum
Engineers
- Drilling
Fluids Supervisors
- Well
Planners.
- Drilling
Rig Crew
- Mud
Plants Operators
- Drilling
Engineers
- Completion
Engineers
- Oil
Field Technical Staff.
- Mud
Laboratory Technicians.
- Government
Representatives in Joint Petroleum
venture Contracts.
- Lecturers in
Petroleum Engineering Institutions.
Training Methods
How will this Training
Course be Presented?
This training course will be presented using properly designed slides,
some with animation and several videos on relevant issues. A printed manual
containing all the slides and/or electronic from in PDF will be delivered to
each attendant. Teaching methods
The core content of this course will cover all the main pillars of drilling fluids activities linked to drilling and completion operations, with safety best practices being a primary focus throughout the course.
Day 1
School Induction and
Drilling Fluid Functions
Safety and Evacuation
procedures - Presentation of the training center and training program.
Identify the 13 functions of drilling fluids.
Identify special uses of drilling fluids.
Day 2
Basic Chemistry of
Drilling Fluids
Define the various
states and classifications of matter.
Explain the differences between pure substances and compounds.
Define the following terms: element, atom, and molecule.
Identify valence, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Define solubility and
identify factors that influence it.
Define and explain the characteristics of acids and bases.
Identify various chemical tests and titrations used in each.
Day 3
Clay Chemistry and
Composition
Identify various clay
types.
Explain the importance of clays present in drilling fluids.
Describe a clay platelet basic structure.
Explain cation exchange capacity (CEC) and how it affects clay hydration.
Explain electronegativity and bonding.
Identify the four states of clay particles.
Identify factors affecting bentonite yield.
Day 4
Polymers and Their
Function
Define the terms:
monomer, polymer, and copolymer.
Define degree of polymerization, formula weight and molecular weight.
Explain how a polymer’s degree of polymerization, molecular weight, and chain
length affect its function.
Explain various ways polymers can be utilized in drilling fluids.
Describe the three kinds of polymer structures: linear, branched, and
cross-linked.
Explain how a polymer’s molecular weight and chain length can affect the
function.
Define a polymer’s degree of substitution and recognize the impact it has on
water solubility.
List and describe the three polymer classifications (based on origin): natural,
modified natural, and synthetic.
Describe various factors that should be monitored for proper maintenance,
testing and treatment.
Day 5
Rheology
Define viscosity,
shear stress, and shear rate.
Define effective viscosity, apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity and yield
point.
Identify different viscosity types.
Explain the effect of impact solids and surface area on viscosity.
Identify factors affecting the plastic viscosity.
Identify factors affecting yield point.
Day 6
Standard Mud Tests
with Lab Session
Identify where
temperature is taken during mud testing and temperature requirements of certain
tests.
Define mud weight and identify the mud balance.
Identify the Marsh funnel and define funnel viscosity.
Identify the VG meter (viscosity and gel meter) and explain how it is used to
calculate plastic viscosity and yield point.
Identify the API and HTHP filter press and define filter cake.
Identify a retort and explain what it is used for.
Identify components of a sand content kit and explain how it is utilized to
determine sand content.
Identify the Methylene Blue Test and explain how it is performed to determine
the amount of reactive solids.
Identify pH and two primary ways to measure it.
Identify basic tests for alkalinity, chlorides, and total hardness.
LAB SESSION - STANDARD
TESTING
Become familiar with the procedures and equipment for performing the physical
and chemical tests used to complete an API drilling mud report.
Day 7
Composition of Water
Based Drilling Fluids with Lab Session
Identify the
three phases of water-base mud.
List various fluids that can comprise the water phase and the benefits
associated with each.
Define reactive solids. Explain how they can enter the mud system and what
effect they have on drilling fluid properties.
Define inert solids. Explain how they can enter the mud system and what effect
they have on drilling fluid properties.
Define low gravity solids and high gravity solids.
List soluble chemical additives and explain their application in drilling
fluids.
LAB SESSION - RHEOLOGY
Observe and explain qualitative / quantitative changes to base mud’s properties
from various contaminants and treatments.
Day 8
Water Based Systems
and Additives
Explain why a drilling
fluid system is typically changed during the drilling operation.
Identify various drilling fluid system classifications.
List factors that affect drilling fluid selection.
Given a specific mud weight for water-base muds, determine the proper ranges
for plastic viscosity, yield point, and possible Methylene Blue test values.
Explain the function of various drilling fluid additives.
List the primary systems discussed within this chapter and commonly used in the
industry today.
Explain the primary differences between each system regarding the system’s: (1)
primary role, (2) composition, (3) unique characteristics.
Day 9
High Perfomance and
HPHT Water Based Muds with Lab Session
A comparison between
the improved benefits of a high performance WBM vs a conventional WBM like
Inhibition, hole cleaning, ROP, etc. and the their advantages against the
Oil/Synthetic base mud limitations like environmental regulations,
availability, cost etc.
LAB SESSION -
CHEMISTRY
Observe properties of filtered and unfiltered seawater, observe how chemical
values change with pH changes, and graph select data points.
Day 10
Filtration Control
with Lab Session
Define filtration and
explain the difference between static and dynamic filtration.
Identify the drilling fluid functions that apply to filtration.
Define filter cake and explain how it is affected by fluid loss rate and the
solids present in the mud.
Identify the two basic tests utilized to determine fluid loss.
Identify the factors affecting filtration.
Define sorting, porosity, and permeability.
Explain how high fluid loss and solids content affects the filter cake
composition.
Explain how filtration can damage the formation.
Identify the two main methods of solids control.
LAB SESSION -
FILTRATION
Study filtration properties, factors that influence filtration rates, and
effects of various filtration control additives.
Day 11
Mud Contamination and
Treatment with Lab Session
Define a drilling
fluid contaminant and explain its role in drilling operations.
Explain the difference between treating a contaminant, tolerating it, and not
treating it.
List several factors that may impact the severity of contamination.
Identify common drilling fluid contaminants including: cement,
gypsum/anhydrite, magnesium, carbonates and bicarbonates, hydrogen sulfide, and
solids (Low Gravity Solids and fine).
List the sources of these contaminants and how each can enter the drilling
fluid system.
Describe the effects each contaminant has on physical and chemical mud
properties.
Explain how to identify each contaminant (via primary indicators) and how to
effectively treat or tolerate each.
Identify a contaminant based on property changes between a base mud check
(before contamination) and a contaminated fluid’s mud check.
LAB SESSION - CONTAMINATION
Observe the effects of contaminating a lightly treated mud; treat the mud to
return the properties close to their original values.
Day 12
Lost Circulation with
Lab Session - Basic Mud Check
Define lost
circulation and list adverse effects.
Define the two basic mechanisms of losses, natural and induced, and the primary
causes of each.
List three classifications of losses and how much mud is lost with each.
Identify types of lost circulation materials.Explain how to determine the
location of the loss zone.
List various ways to regain circulation.
Explain the two primary ways to strengthen the wellbore: chemical and
mechanical.
Explain how a stress cage works.
List ways to prevent lost circulation.
Describe how to prepare and utilize various Lost Control Material pills.
Explain basic practices whenever encountering lost circulation.
LAB SESSION - BASIC
MUD CHECK
Make a complete, accurate mud check of chemical and physical WBM properties.
Day 13
Corrosion
Define corrosion and
explain how it impacts a drilling operation.
List and describe the required components for corrosion to occur.
Define oxidation and reduction.
Define and explain the benefits of metallurgy.
Identify factors that accelerate and minimize corrosion.
List dissolved gases that cause corrosion and how to treat each one.
Explain methods utilized to track the type and extent of corrosion in a
drilling operation.
List commercial products available to treat corrosion and explain the role of
each in drilling fluids.
Day 14
Solids Analysis with
Lab Session
Mathematics practice
analyzing data from the mud check to breakdown real solid content and
distribution in the mud.
Determine: Concentration of High Gravity Solids, Low Gravity Solids, Salt
Content, Bentonite Content and Drilled Solid content.
LAB SESSION - DRILL A
WELL WITH MUD
This lab exercise pretends to represent how the mud will behave when drilling a
well. First WBM will be built and tested, after some drilled solids will be
added to see how the mud will be affected and finally will be treated
accordingly to bring back in range the mud properties.
Day 15
Safety Data Sheets
(SDS or MSDS) with Lab Session
Define the term
hazardous material.
Identify ways hazardous material is harmful to an individual or the
environment.
Describe various methods used to communicate the specific type of threat a
hazardous material presents.
Explain what material safety data sheets (MSDS) and safety data sheets (SDS)
are, the information they contain and how to find them for a given hazardous
material.
Define threshold limit value and the associated terms: time weighted average,
short term exposure limit and ceiling limit.
Explain the different sections of the Hazardous Materials Identification System
and the hazard levels of each.
List various tools and practices an individual should utilize to minimize
personal risk.
LAB SESSION - BASIC
MUD CHECK
Second exercise to reinforce the knowledge and practice for a complete,
accurate mud check of chemical and physical WBM properties.
Day 16
Oil and Synthetic Based
Mud Products and Systems
Identify and describe
the four different fluid systems.
Define non-aqueous fluids (NAF).
Describe the three phases of non-aqueous drilling fluids and list components of
each.
List advantages and disadvantages of using non-aqueous fluids.
Explain how water activity affects formation swelling, the selection of
saturated brines and why biocides are not used in NAFs.
Define surfactants, Hydro Lipophilic Balance number, emulsifiers and wetting
agents.
Explain how shear affects a drilling fluid’s emulsion stability.
Describe how you can identify if a solid is water-wet or oil-wet.
Explain why extra surfactants should be present in drilling fluid while
drilling.
List drilling fluid tests for NAF, state how any differ from how they are
performed with water-base muds.
Describe conventional and relaxed systems and explain the difference.
List the order of adding components when building conventional or relaxed
systems.
Correctly use various calculations for oil-base mud.
Describe potential problems using oil-base and synthetic-base drilling fluids.
Explain the preparations and process followed for ideal displacements.
Day 17
Standard Mud Tests for
OBM/SBM
Identify where the
temperature is taken during mud testing and the temperature requirements of
certain tests.
Define mud weight.
Identify the viscometer and explain how it is used to calculate the plastic
viscosity and yield point.
Identify the HTHP filter press.
Identify a retort and explain what it is used for.
Calculate the oil/water ratio of an oil-base mud.
Identify the basic tests for alkalinity, chlorides, and calcium.
Identify an electrical stability meter and explain how it is used to measure
Electrical stability.
Identify a Sand Content Kit and explain how it is utilized to determine sand
content.
Day 18
Lab Session -
Conventional and Synthetic Muds
LAB SESSION - OIL MUD
CONVENTIONAL
Build a conventional OB mud. Check properties. Describe shearing effects on
specific mud properties and mud products. Compare and contrast conventional,
synthetic and relaxed NAF
LAB SESSION -
SYNTHETIC MUD
Formulate and test a synthetic-based fluid. Decrease SWR by 10 points to see
the effects of water on a NAF. Compare and contrast Oil-based muds to
Synthetic- based muds.
Day 19
Lab Sessions - Oil Systems
with Relaxed or High Filtrate and Megadril - All-in-one Emulsifier Package
LAB SESSION - OIL MUD
HIGH FILTRATE - RELAXED
Build High filtrate oil mud and check its properties. Compare its
properties with the conventional OBM from previous lab experiment
LAB SESSION - MEGADRIL
- ALL IN ONE EMULSIFIER PACKAGE
Build a MEGADRIL system and check its properties. Compare its properties to a
VERSACLEAN
Day 20
HPHT Challenges,
Applications and Systems
Classifying a well as
High-Temperature (HT) or High-Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) usually
elevates it to a “critical and difficult” status.
Review the key available technologies.
Conditions representing the challenge for drilling HPHT wells
Key factors for selecting the proper system
Pros and Cons between WBM and OB/SBM used for HPHT wells
Day 21
Solid Control
Equipment and Drilling Waste Management
Explain why solids
removal is one of the most important aspects of mud system control
How solids affect adversely mud properties
Understand why it is not possible to remove totally drill solids
Learn the principles used for solid control
Day 22
Solid Control and Drilling Waste Management with Lab Session
